The rejuvenated gold recovery quickly wipes all past hardship from our collective memories. Yet the yellow metal only bottomed on Dec 3, 2015. The 'white precious metals' continued weakening unabated thereafter until somewhen in January 2016.
The sluggish growth in China translates into lower demand for various industrial metals. In January 2016, copper quoted at a decade low. Apart from gold, other precious metals mainly have an industrial use and as such it 's not a surprise that their decline has been more severe. It is most common to compare gold to any other precious metal through e.g. a Gold-to-Silver, or Gold-to-Platinum ratio. This tells you how many ounces of the second precious metal one ounce of gold would buy.
Well over a year ago, a first blogpost was dedicated on this subject and shortly after the recent gold recovery, it's useful to repeat the exercise.
The 'swing producers' with a more substantial revenue from silver mining, have a harder time. Those having hedged part of their production volume at better prices, may still thrive.
Since there is no firm price-constraint for silver production, this means that a meaningful drop in industrial demand may prolong the protracted downtrend of the silver price. At the other hand it also implies that increased industrial demand and higher silver prices are not readily met with any significant increase of mine production. Only the 'swing producers' may crank up production if feasible.
Another point worth considering is the impact of closure of any zinc or copper mine with a secondary silver production. Global non-ferro metal production no longer is growing. This may cause an unexpected constraint on global silver production.
The above graph shows platinum in USD/Oz on the left scale and the GPR on the right scale. As the sovereign debt crisis escalates in Europe, the economic recovery since 2009 comes to a grinding halt. Stock markets correct and Europe slides in a recession. Especially the automotive industry (through the catalytic exhaust filters one of the most important consumers of Platinum and Palladium) is having a hard time and cuts its production volume. Several car manufacturers are even closing down plants in Europe. The outlook is most bleak. The slide of the platinum price in autumn 2011 makes the GPR jump abruptly above one. During the financial crisis the GPR briefly touched 1, whereas the GPR had been trending lower before. Platinum however has little in common with many other industrial commodities, where a drop in price makes demand shift to the cheaper alternative. It is on the contrary the supply side getting deep into trouble. Violent strikes erupted at Lonmin's Marikana mine in South Afirca, the most important platinum producer. This only made platinum rise temporarily and shortly bring the GPR down to 1. As the crisis cooled down, platinum prices fell back till way into summer 2012: the GPR quoted above 1 for an extended period. It required above ground supplies running low to make platinum recover to $1700 later in 2012.
Despite precious metals selling off in triple selling spree during 2013, nor the April, nor the June nor December dips for gold are matched by platinum dropping lower. On the contrary, the GPR systematically drops below 1 from the second quarter onward. In 2014 the GPR twice tested the 0.85 resistance (on Jan 20 and May 30). Though platinum prices left behind the 2013 support level of around $1320, they had a hard time breaking above $1500/oz.
The November 2014 platinum slide brought the GPR near one again. Yet, when the GPR peaked above 1.15 in 2012, the platinum price bottomed barely below $1400. During the January 2015 gold recovery, platinum was unable to keep pace with the rising price of the yellow metal. The GPR broke above 1 by mid January 2015. Moreover any sell-off in precious metals now has well been matched by further weakening of Platinum, sliding to ever lower multi-year bottoms: the $1100 support was broken on March 17. The July 2015 slide brought platinum back to triple digit prices in USD, with the GPR reaching 1.14 by mid July. The platinum outlook further deteriorated as a result of VW tampering Diesel engine exhaust data. Only platinum can be used as in catalytic convertors for Diesel engines, whereas palladium is generally preferred for regular gasoline engines. On Sept 29, 2015 Platinum first dipped below $900 intraday. The GPR now advanced to a fresh a 21st century high at 1.235. This abrupt plunge of platinum results from a short platinum//long palladium speculative trade, which will need to be unwound after it has run its course: perhaps sooner rather than later.
Ultimately the GPR peaked at 1.3445 on Jan 21, 2016 with platinum at a $814 record low, before starting its recovery. Since gold simultaneously is strengthening, this doesn't bring about a significant recovery of the GPR. On Feb 29 the GPR even made a second peak at 1.3426 as platinum initially kept lagging gold during its uptrend. By March 4, the GPR stands at 1.268 while platinum is quoting near $1000/Oz. By May 19, platinum once more proved unable to lock in its relative advance to gold. At the gold pull back, platinum recently slid deeper, bringing the $1000 level once more very close. The GPR is bouncing off 1.20 which now proves a resistance level against Platinum strengthening any further.
During the strike at Lonmin's Marikana mine, processing of a stockpile of ore could make the company meet its delivery obligations. It is unsure whether Lonmin yet managed to rebuild inventory to cope with any possible interruption of ore supply.
The current demand for platinum is in excess of 250 tonnes per year, of which the car industry consumes about 120 tonnes. The yearly shortfall needs to come from platinum recycling, mainly from spent catalytic convertors. Palladium/Platinum recycling is a more profitable business than mining. Companies involved are Johnson Matthey and Umicore.
The profile of the graph is much similar to that of platinum. The gold to palladium ratio (GPdR) starts off quite low (high Pd prices) in 2011 and like platinum the price of palladium also heavily suffers during the sovereign debt crisis and the stock market correction in 2011. Palladium lagged as gold made its all time high and then fell off a cliff as the yellow metal retreated in autumn 2011. From below 1.75 the GPdR approached 3 as Pd bottomed near $550/oz. Palladium weakness lingered on a while longer than did platinum. In autumn 2012 the GPdR still stood around 2.75. After palladium started rallying by towards the end of that year, its price level remained remarkably resilient during 2013 as gold plummeted in three sell-off waves. Lately, palladium has been rallying much more than did platinum. Unlike platinum, its price in August was at a more than 12-year maximum, higher than in January 2011 and the GPdR has dropped to test and break the 1.5 level a few times.
Worsening of the economic outlook, mainly because of most of Europe entering another recession has driven down palladium prices from their recent highs. Most of the 2014 gains have been wiped out in less than two months. However, unlike for platinum, current palladium prices still are materially stronger than what they were at for over a year: from autumn 2011 till year-end 2012. Moreover, palladium kept up better than other precious metals during last mid December slump. It however seemed to pay the price for its running ahead of the pack: palladium entered into a counter-trend slide while gold strengthened around mid January 2015. In a tight market, there was little reason for this slide to persist. We indeed witnessed Palladium strengthening with gold giving way below its $1180 support. Mid March 2015, the GPdR dropped below 1.5.
Palladium was off for some bargain hunting after its slide has been outpacing that of other precious metals. After a $200 slide year-to-date, palladium quoted below $600 and the GPdR briefly peaked above 2 on August 28, 2015.
The speculators' take on the exhaust data falsifications by VW (the only metal used in catalytic converters for Diesel engines) and go long palladium (the metal used in the catalytic converters for regular gasoline engines). As a result, the prices of both metals have diverged to an extent not witnessed in the 21st century. It is however clear that such speculative trade needed to be unwound, which has proved a temporary set-back for palladium. There have been more recent similar disclosures by other car manufacturers worldwide. Yet this hasn't resulted in any similar price trend divergence.
At the other hand, replacing platinum by palladium in industrial processes or for catalytic converters for Diesel engines is out of the question. The superior qualities of platinum in terms of wear- and heat resistance, hardness and chemical stability makes this metal the unique material of choice in many applications.
The sluggish growth in China translates into lower demand for various industrial metals. In January 2016, copper quoted at a decade low. Apart from gold, other precious metals mainly have an industrial use and as such it 's not a surprise that their decline has been more severe. It is most common to compare gold to any other precious metal through e.g. a Gold-to-Silver, or Gold-to-Platinum ratio. This tells you how many ounces of the second precious metal one ounce of gold would buy.
Well over a year ago, a first blogpost was dedicated on this subject and shortly after the recent gold recovery, it's useful to repeat the exercise.
*** Graphs using LME daily fix data; last updated on May 19, 2016 ***
Silver still out of favour
If gold has been selling off badly into December 2014, the silver slide was horrendous. As a result, the Gold-to-Silver ratio (GSR) has risen. Throughout most of 2015, the GSR has been moving sideways, but by the end of the year, silver once more weakened relative to gold to a ratio over 80:1. |
Silver fix in pale (LME in USD/oz) on the left scale and gold-to-silver ratio (GSR) in blue on the right scale
(click to enlarge)
|
Gold bottomed out early December 2015, setting higher lows as the initial recoveries failed. Meanwhile the 'white' precious metals continued weakening until after mid January. Initially the silver recovery was quite meek, unable to catch up with gold. The GSR continued trending higher peaking on leap day. Eventually it took until early April for silver to start outperforming gold, which was trending sideways by then. The Au/Ag ratio slid to 72. However the recent gold pull back once more is leveraged by the silver price decline. The ratio is back up to 76.
The conclusion doesn't alter much: the turn-around may not be conclusive yet. However, silver still is structurally undervalued relative to gold to an extent which only is justified if the sluggish growth outlook for the Asian industries slashes global silver demand over the longer time frame. Yet, that catastrophe scenario of late 2008, expecting the complete world economy to come to a grinding halt, is highly improbable.
Historic overview
We start off in 2011: As silver is challenging the 1980 all time high, its rapid rise in spring 2011 leaves gold behind, though the yellow metal is itself in an uptrend. Early May 2011 silver drops out of its parabolic rise and the gold to silver ratio (GSR) abruptly jumps up from a low at 31.4 (Apr 27) to a high at 45 (May 12) in only two weeks time. As gold makes its all time high with a double top in August/September 2011, silver has been climbing out of its June 2011 low to about $43/Oz. The GSR holds firm near 45. Yet the gold sell-off later in autumn 2011 is detrimental for silver also. The white metal drops to near $28 as gold sells off to $1615, making the GSR jump abruptly to over 57 as early as Sept 26, 2011. An ounce of gold buys over 80% more silver than it did 5 odd months earlier! Silver being called "gold on steroids" indeed seems to have a whim of truth in it. During the gold spring rally, silver outpaces gold once more, making the GSR fall to 48 on Feb 29, 2012. Leap day also means the end of that rally. Again over 2013 we clearly distinguish the late June gold sell-off, whereby silver once again leverages gold to the down-side. GSR peaks above 66 on June 27, 2013 and further increases up to about 75 by late 2014.The supply equation
It is generally known that as much as 70% of the silver mined is produced as a secondary output stream from other non-ferro metal miners. Silver most often is found either in combination with lead, zinc and tin or else combined with copper. Their production is little or not sensitive to the silver price and they will continue producing while they have off-take for their primary copper or lead. Most often, non-ferro miners have hedged their silver output or have sold the stream against investment financing. In the latter case they are selling silver at marginal production cost. [There also are several gold miners having a silver secondary output stream, yet their contribution is far smaller than the former ones.]The 'swing producers' with a more substantial revenue from silver mining, have a harder time. Those having hedged part of their production volume at better prices, may still thrive.
Since there is no firm price-constraint for silver production, this means that a meaningful drop in industrial demand may prolong the protracted downtrend of the silver price. At the other hand it also implies that increased industrial demand and higher silver prices are not readily met with any significant increase of mine production. Only the 'swing producers' may crank up production if feasible.
Another point worth considering is the impact of closure of any zinc or copper mine with a secondary silver production. Global non-ferro metal production no longer is growing. This may cause an unexpected constraint on global silver production.
Platinum: worsening of the outlook
Platinum is our next focus. The Gold to Platinum ratio (GPR) has been discussed on a very long time frame in a previous blog post: Platinum group metals: a story of scarcity and industrial needs. The long term graph therein has been updated to include data as of Sep 22, 2015. We now repeat the above exercise from the beginning of 2011 onward for platinum. |
| Platinum fix in pale (LME in USD/oz) on the left scale and Gold to Platinum ratio (GPR) in blue on the right scale (click to enlarge) |
The above graph shows platinum in USD/Oz on the left scale and the GPR on the right scale. As the sovereign debt crisis escalates in Europe, the economic recovery since 2009 comes to a grinding halt. Stock markets correct and Europe slides in a recession. Especially the automotive industry (through the catalytic exhaust filters one of the most important consumers of Platinum and Palladium) is having a hard time and cuts its production volume. Several car manufacturers are even closing down plants in Europe. The outlook is most bleak. The slide of the platinum price in autumn 2011 makes the GPR jump abruptly above one. During the financial crisis the GPR briefly touched 1, whereas the GPR had been trending lower before. Platinum however has little in common with many other industrial commodities, where a drop in price makes demand shift to the cheaper alternative. It is on the contrary the supply side getting deep into trouble. Violent strikes erupted at Lonmin's Marikana mine in South Afirca, the most important platinum producer. This only made platinum rise temporarily and shortly bring the GPR down to 1. As the crisis cooled down, platinum prices fell back till way into summer 2012: the GPR quoted above 1 for an extended period. It required above ground supplies running low to make platinum recover to $1700 later in 2012.
Despite precious metals selling off in triple selling spree during 2013, nor the April, nor the June nor December dips for gold are matched by platinum dropping lower. On the contrary, the GPR systematically drops below 1 from the second quarter onward. In 2014 the GPR twice tested the 0.85 resistance (on Jan 20 and May 30). Though platinum prices left behind the 2013 support level of around $1320, they had a hard time breaking above $1500/oz.
Deterioration of the Platinum market
The situation deteriorated abruptly since early September 2014. Whereas the USD recovery plays a role in the weakening of raw materials across the board, there is more at hand for platinum. A new recession in many European economies was worsening the demand outlook from the car industry. At the same time, platinum is selling off in tandem with palladium. However palladium has reached a twelve year high in August 2014, whereas platinum never even came near its $2270 top level, dating from March 2008. |
| Gold to Platinum ratio over 15 months: the almost continuous platinum slide is far worse than that of gold |
Ultimately the GPR peaked at 1.3445 on Jan 21, 2016 with platinum at a $814 record low, before starting its recovery. Since gold simultaneously is strengthening, this doesn't bring about a significant recovery of the GPR. On Feb 29 the GPR even made a second peak at 1.3426 as platinum initially kept lagging gold during its uptrend. By March 4, the GPR stands at 1.268 while platinum is quoting near $1000/Oz. By May 19, platinum once more proved unable to lock in its relative advance to gold. At the gold pull back, platinum recently slid deeper, bringing the $1000 level once more very close. The GPR is bouncing off 1.20 which now proves a resistance level against Platinum strengthening any further.
Supply - demand balance
Platinum prices are far too low for production to be profitable in most of the South African mines (by far the largest platinum producer world-wide). Revenues may suffice to pay for current expenses and personnel costs, they don't allow the capital expenditure needed to sustain platinum production at its current level. Adding ore reserves to assure the production level for some years to come is out of the question. With a world-wide production short of 200 tonnes (less than 8% of the yearly gold production), platinum is an extremely tiny market. Unlike gold, for which the above ground supply meets yearly consumption many times over, the supply of refined platinum only covers the industrial demand for several weeks to a few months.During the strike at Lonmin's Marikana mine, processing of a stockpile of ore could make the company meet its delivery obligations. It is unsure whether Lonmin yet managed to rebuild inventory to cope with any possible interruption of ore supply.
The current demand for platinum is in excess of 250 tonnes per year, of which the car industry consumes about 120 tonnes. The yearly shortfall needs to come from platinum recycling, mainly from spent catalytic convertors. Palladium/Platinum recycling is a more profitable business than mining. Companies involved are Johnson Matthey and Umicore.
Palladium: heavily selling off from recent high ... set to recover (?)
The last metal in the row is palladium. This metal has many properties in common with platinum. Its main use is in catalytic exhaust filters for gasoline engines. Palladium is less used in electronics than is platinum. The metal often is found in conjunction with platinum.
The price of palladium always has been lower than that of platinum, but it does vary quite a lot. Until the 1990's, Russia had a stockpile of palladium, coming from the Norilsk nickel mine. As that supply got nearly exhausted, there has been a speculative surge of palladium to above $1000/oz early in 2000. Palladium dropped back to below $200/oz during the 2002-03 economic crisis. A history in brief, but we now focus on 2011-14 as we did for the other precious metals. |
| Palladium fix in pale (LME in USD/oz) on the left scale and Gold to Palladium ratio (GPdR) in blue on the right scale (click to enlarge) |
The profile of the graph is much similar to that of platinum. The gold to palladium ratio (GPdR) starts off quite low (high Pd prices) in 2011 and like platinum the price of palladium also heavily suffers during the sovereign debt crisis and the stock market correction in 2011. Palladium lagged as gold made its all time high and then fell off a cliff as the yellow metal retreated in autumn 2011. From below 1.75 the GPdR approached 3 as Pd bottomed near $550/oz. Palladium weakness lingered on a while longer than did platinum. In autumn 2012 the GPdR still stood around 2.75. After palladium started rallying by towards the end of that year, its price level remained remarkably resilient during 2013 as gold plummeted in three sell-off waves. Lately, palladium has been rallying much more than did platinum. Unlike platinum, its price in August was at a more than 12-year maximum, higher than in January 2011 and the GPdR has dropped to test and break the 1.5 level a few times.
Worsening of the economic outlook, mainly because of most of Europe entering another recession has driven down palladium prices from their recent highs. Most of the 2014 gains have been wiped out in less than two months. However, unlike for platinum, current palladium prices still are materially stronger than what they were at for over a year: from autumn 2011 till year-end 2012. Moreover, palladium kept up better than other precious metals during last mid December slump. It however seemed to pay the price for its running ahead of the pack: palladium entered into a counter-trend slide while gold strengthened around mid January 2015. In a tight market, there was little reason for this slide to persist. We indeed witnessed Palladium strengthening with gold giving way below its $1180 support. Mid March 2015, the GPdR dropped below 1.5.
Palladium was off for some bargain hunting after its slide has been outpacing that of other precious metals. After a $200 slide year-to-date, palladium quoted below $600 and the GPdR briefly peaked above 2 on August 28, 2015.
The speculators' take on the exhaust data falsifications by VW (the only metal used in catalytic converters for Diesel engines) and go long palladium (the metal used in the catalytic converters for regular gasoline engines). As a result, the prices of both metals have diverged to an extent not witnessed in the 21st century. It is however clear that such speculative trade needed to be unwound, which has proved a temporary set-back for palladium. There have been more recent similar disclosures by other car manufacturers worldwide. Yet this hasn't resulted in any similar price trend divergence.
Palladium versus Platinum
Palladium is almost exclusively used in the catalytic converters used in regular gasoline engines. It can be replaced by platinum. Yet while platinum remains much more expensive than palladium, this is unlikely to occur.At the other hand, replacing platinum by palladium in industrial processes or for catalytic converters for Diesel engines is out of the question. The superior qualities of platinum in terms of wear- and heat resistance, hardness and chemical stability makes this metal the unique material of choice in many applications.
Conclusion
Despite the repeated gold sell-off from September 2014 onward, the yellow metal is down less than are silver or platinum. The silver slide is the succession of a lengthy period of silver structurally lagging gold. The GSR now lingers on around 81, barely below its five year high at 83.7.
Both platinum and palladium have been sliding more than did gold since the top in summer 2014. However this is not the culmination of a long-term trend. It's important to distinguish platinum, which continues making long term lows, and palladium which sold off from a more than twelve year high. The GPdR still quotes materially higher than it did three years ago.
Very intersting post…. I enjoyed reading your informative article and considering the points.
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